5. Solutions to mitigate impacts and benefit nature
- 5.1. Introduction
- 5.2. Fencing
- 5.2.1. Location and length
- 5.2.2. Design and dimensions
- 5.2.3. Fence material and mesh types
- 5.2.4. Fencing and reinforcements for small vertebrates
- 5.2.5. Adaptation of existing fences and other systems to deter burrowing animals
- 5.2.6. Poles
- 5.2.7. Escape devices
- 5.2.8. Cattle grids and gates
- 5.2.9. Other points of attention
- 5.2.10. Fencing and screening for flying fauna
- 5.3. Driver warnings
- 5.4. Wildlife deterrents
- 5.5. Wildlife passages
- 5.5.1. Types and dimensions of fauna passages
- 5.5.2. Landscape overpasses (Ecoducts, Green bridges) and wildlife overpasses
- 5.5.3. Multiuse overpasses
- 5.5.4 Tree-top overpasses (Canopy bridges)
- 5.5.5. Bat crossings
- 5.5.6. Adapted viaducts (Landscape underpasses)
- 5.5.7. Wildlife underpasses
- 5.5.8. Multiuse underpasses
- 5.5.9. Small fauna underpasses
- 5.5.10. Adapted culverts
- 5.5.11. Fish passages
- 5.5.12. Amphibian passages
- 5.5.13. At grade fauna passages (level crossing)
- 5.6. Measures to reduce disturbances
- 5.7. Habitat-related to transport infrastructure (HTI) management
- 5.8. Invasive Alien Species (IAS)
- 5.9. Adaptation of infrastructure to climate change: risk and opportunities for biodiversity
- 5.10. Measures to reduce impacts in other transport modes
- 5.11. References
5.10.4. Waterways
