Figure 3.5.1 – An example of cumulative impacts. A high-speed railway and urban expansion are added to an existing motorway in an area where Natterjack toad (Epidalea calamita) population is distributed between different interconnected suitable habitats (green lines). Population dynamic simulation permits to measure independently the impact of each project on the toad population. Impacts issuing from each combination of projects can be also assessed. This framework can be generalized to multiple projects of various nature (Source: Adapted from Moulherat, 2014).